Leeds anchors it with Maude and North Star roasting in-house; Sheffield counters with Frazer's self-built roaster, and Harrogate's spa-town cafes round it out.

Manchester anchors it across Ancoats and the Northern Quarter, Liverpool's Baltic Triangle backs 92 Degrees and Baltic Coffee Co, and Lancaster's Atkinsons has roasted since 1837.

Bristol's roaster density leads the region, Bath answers with Colonna & Small's, and Wellington's Brazier Coffee Roasters works out of Tonedale Mill.

Brighton's Redroaster has roasted on the same machines for 25 years, backed by Trading Post's competition baristas; the Kent coast answers with Margate's Curve and Folkestone's Harbour Coffee roasting at the end of the Harbour Arm.

Quarter Horse roasts in Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter and 200 Degrees in Nottingham, with Outpost as the single-origin counterpoint; Leicester answers with TCC, roasting since the 1980s, and Saints of Mokha's World Barista Championship credentials.

Oxford runs more working roasteries than most English cities twice its size. Out in the Cotswolds, Rave operates in Cirencester and Golden Sheep roasts at Stroud's Shambles market.

Southsea's coffee vans work through Sussex roasters, Bournemouth roasts its own via Bad Hand, and Winchester pairs a working roastery with a coffee school.

Exeter has four working roasteries and Cornwall runs on Yallah from Helston, with Foundation roasting outside St Ives and Dark Pony doing the same in Falmouth; north Devon now adds 51° North, roasting on-site at Chivenor near Barnstaple.

Newcastle's roaster-cafe culture runs deep, and Durham packs serious independents into a walkable cathedral city. The coast adds its own: Tynemouth and Whitley Bay both have small-batch roasters behind their seafront counters.

Strangers put Norwich on the specialty map in 2009 and the city has kept building. Cambridge has its own roaster cluster and Dom's: six seats, no signboard, seriously focused.

Farrer's has been roasting in Kendal since 1819; Podda & Wren, Red Bank and Rinscoffee have followed. The Lakes cafes run on Carvetii, which roasts inside the national park.